hk2 - Abstract Hexokinases HKs catalyze the first kunci pintu slot step of glucose metabolism phosphorylating glucose to glucose 6phosphate G6P HK2hexokinaseII is a predominant isoform in insulinsensitive tissues such as heart skeletal muscle and adipose tissues and is also upregulated in many types of tumors associated with enhanced aerobic glycolysis the Warburg effect HK2 expression also shows a negative correlation with AHR promoter methylation in tumours and these tumours with high HK2 expression and low AHR methylation are associated with a worse overall survival in patients In sum our study provides novel insights into how AHR signalling is regulated which may help our understanding of the context Dec 25 2024 HK2 Hexokinase 2 is a Protein Coding gene Diseases associated with HK2 include Pancreatic Cancer and Renal Cell CarcinomaAmong its related pathways are glycolysis BioCyc and GDPglucose biosynthesis II HK2 knockdown also reduced TGFβstimulated cell migration and colony formation in soft agar This action of HK2 in profibrotic TGFβ signaling is downstream of canonical Smad or nonSmad activation because loss of HK2 had no effect on the phosphorylation of Smad3 or Akt in response to TGFβ stimulation fig S3 A and B Hexokinase 2 in Cancer A Prima Donna Playing Multiple HK2 is known to inhibit apoptosis and regulate autophagy The recent identification of HK2 localization to contact points between mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum known as mitochondriaassociated membranes MAMs has unveiled a novel role of HK2 in regulating Ca 2 flux within the cells 165166 Oct 17 2014 Hexokinase II phosphorylates glucose to regulate glucose metabolism but also functions as a protective signaling molecule Hexokinase II is the predominant isoform in insulinsensitive tissues and The metabolic enzyme hexokinase 2 localizes to the nucleus in Nov 4 2013 BackgroundThe enzyme hexokinase2 HK2 phosphorylates glucose which is the initiating step in virtually all glucose utilization pathways Cardiac hypertrophy is associated with a switch towards increased glucose metabolism and decreased fatty acid metabolism Recent evidence suggests that the increased glucose utilization is compensatory to the downregulated fatty acid metabolism during Hexokinase II Wikipedia HK2hexokinaseII integrates glycolysis and autophagy to HK2 induction in most neoplastic cells contributes to their metabolic rewiring towards aerobic glycolysis and its genetic ablation inhibits malignant growth in mouse models HK2 can dock to mitochondria where it performs additional functions in autophagy regulation and cell death inhibition that are independent of its enzymatic activity Oct 28 2024 Yan et al report that fructose promotes the progression of colorectal cancer by inhibiting M1like tumorassociated macrophage polarization Specifically fructose functions as a signaling molecule enhancing the interaction between HK2 and ITPR3 which disrupts intracellular calcium signaling thereby impeding M1like macrophage polarization Nov 5 2022 In this study we used TCGA and GEO databases to conduct pancancer analysis of HK2 including the expression of the HK2 gene in different tumors the effect of HK2 on tumor survival immuneinfiltrating cells and related cellular pathway changes etc to explore the potential molecular mechanism of HK2 in the pathogenesis or clinical Hexokinase 2mediated gene expression via histone lactylation HK2 Gatekeeping microglial activity by tuning glucose Aug 8 filmonline21 2023 Hexokinase HK catalyzes the first committed step in glucose metabolism by phosphorylating glucose to produce glucose6phosphate This reaction captures glucose inside cells and allows cells to increase glucose utilization 1 Among the five known HK isozymes encoded by separate genes in mammalian cells HK1 HK2 HK3 and HKDC1 evolved from ancestral HK by evolutionary duplication and fusion Research progress of hexokinase 2 in inflammatoryrelated In the HK2linked glycolytic overload and unscheduled glycolysis hypothesis the cytoplasmic hyperglycemiainduced stabilization of HK2 to proteolysis provides the initiating mechanism of increased glucose metabolism circumventing the substrate saturation of hexokinases Antioxidant therapy may be ineffective because mitochondrial Aug 12 2013 Accelerated glucose metabolism is a common feature of cancer cells Hexokinases catalyze the first committed step of glucose metabolism Hexokinase 2 HK2 is expressed at high level in cancer cells but only in a limited number of normal adult tissues Using Hk2 conditional knockout mice we showed that HK2 is required for tumor initiation and maintenance in mouse models of KRasdriven lung Dec 19 2022 HK2 elevation is prominent in immunechallenged or diseaseassociated microglia In ischaemic stroke models however HK2 deletion promoted neuroinflammation and potentiated cerebral damages The Jan 15 2024 This review summarizes the role of hexokinase 2 HK2 a key enzyme in glucose metabolism in various inflammatoryrelated diseases and its potential inhibitors HK2 is involved in glycolysis inflammasome activation cell proliferation and apoptosis and targeting HK2 is a promising method for inflammatoryrelated diseases HK2 Gene GeneCards HXK2 Protein HXK2 Antibody Hexokinase2Linked Glycolytic Overload and Unscheduled Hexokinase II also known as Hexokinase B and HK2 is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by the HK2 gene on chromosome 2 5 6 Hexokinases phosphorylate glucose to produce glucose 6phosphate the first step in most glucose metabolism pathways Hexokinase II is the predominant hexokinase form found in skeletal muscle Cardiacspecific Hexokinase 2 Overexpression Attenuates Hexokinase 2 Is Required for Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Mar 16 2023 HK2 is a glucose metabolism enzyme that is highly expressed in microglia the immune cells of the brain HK2 deficiency impairs microglial motility repopulation and maturation and exacerbates inflammation and injury in various brain diseases HK2 functions as a novel oncogene in lung cancer and may be a potential therapeutic target for lung cancer Cells with HKII knockdown showed no changes in 3BP sensitivity suggesting the effects of 3BP are independent of HKII expression Suggest HK2 as an independent prognostic indicator of radiation resistance in cervical squamous carcinoma Dual roles of hexokinase 2 in shaping microglial function by Hexokinase 2 senses fructose in tumorassociated macrophages Hexokinase 2 is a transcriptional target and a positive A pancancer analysis of the role of hexokinase II HK2 in 3099 Gene ResultHK2 hexokinase 2 human Jun 6 2022 HK2 localizes to the nucleus in AML Metabolic intermediates produced in the mitochondria regulate epigenetic marks to influence the function and differentiation of stem cells 7891011However Aiding Cancers Sweet Tooth Role of Hexokinases in Hexokinase II integrates energy metabolism and cellular Hexokinase 2 couples glycolysis tahu bola with the profibrotic 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